NATURE

Distinct descending motor cortex pathways and their roles in movement Distinct descending motor cortex pathways and their roles in movement, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0642-9 Transcriptional profiling and axonal reconstructions identify two types of pyramidal tract neuron in the motor cortex: one type projects to thalamic regions and produces early and persistent preparatory activity, and the other type projects to motor centres in the medulla and produces motor commands.

Cox et al. reply Cox et al. reply, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0641-x Cox et al. reply

Distinct proteostasis circuits cooperate in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein quality control Distinct proteostasis circuits cooperate in nuclear and cytoplasmic protein quality control, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0678-x Ubiquitin chains linked to cytoplasmic misfolded proteins are different from those linked to nuclear misfolded proteins, each requiring a distinct combination of molecular chaperones and ubiquitination circuitries.

Emergence of multi-body interactions in a fermionic lattice clock Emergence of multi-body interactions in a fermionic lattice clock, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0661-6 Clock spectroscopy of ultracold strontium atoms in a three-dimensional optical lattice is used to observe the onset of multi-body interactions that result from the underlying pairwise interactions between atoms.

Cellular stretch reveals superelastic powers Cellular stretch reveals superelastic powers, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07172-9 External forces can make cells undergo large, irreversible deformations. It emerges that stretched mammalian cells grown in vitro can enter a state called superelasticity, in which large, reversible deformations occur.

Deconstructive diversification of cyclic amines Deconstructive diversification of cyclic amines, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0700-3 Deconstructive diversification of cyclic amines

Assumptions for emergent constraints Assumptions for emergent constraints, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0638-5 Assumptions for emergent constraints

The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0625-x A galaxy slightly larger than the Small Magellanic Cloud merged with the Milky Way about 10 billion years ago, thickening the ancient disk and forging the Galaxy’s inner halo.

Active superelasticity in three-dimensional epithelia of controlled shape Active superelasticity in three-dimensional epithelia of controlled shape, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0671-4 Theoretical modelling in combination with measurements of tension and shape in epithelial domes of controlled geometry reveals a plateau of tension in tissue that is maintained by heterogeneous strain across cells.

Three-dimensional collective charge excitations in electron-doped copper oxide superconductors Three-dimensional collective charge excitations in electron-doped copper oxide superconductors, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0648-3 Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering on electron-doped copper oxide superconductors reveals a three-dimensional charge collective mode, which has properties suggestive of the long-sought acoustic plasmon.

Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07027-3 A single-cell sequencing study reveals how different types of neuron are distributed in the brain. An analysis then demonstrates how these data can improve our understanding of neuronal functions.

Podcast: Mood forecasting technology, and where are the WIMPS? Podcast: Mood forecasting technology, and where are the WIMPS?, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07258-4 Listen to the latest science news, brought to you by Benjamin Thompson and Charlotte Stoddart.

Measurement-based quantum control of mechanical motion Measurement-based quantum control of mechanical motion, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0643-8 The displacement of a mechanical resonator is measured to within 35% of the Heisenberg uncertainty limit, enabling feedback cooling to the quantum ground state, nine decibels below the quantum-backaction limit.

Resting zone of the growth plate houses a unique class of skeletal stem cells Resting zone of the growth plate houses a unique class of skeletal stem cells, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0662-5 In a mouse model, PTHrP-positive chondrocytes in the resting zone of the growth plate constitute a unique stem-cell population, which is initially unipotent and makes columnar chondrocytes that later exhibit multipotency.

Emergent constraints on climate sensitivity Emergent constraints on climate sensitivity, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0639-4 Emergent constraints on climate sensitivity

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Daily briefing: Farewell to a planet hunter as Kepler runs out of fuel Daily briefing: Farewell to a planet hunter as Kepler runs out of fuel, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07265-5 “The little spacecraft that could”, Lemaître gets a look-in and everything you need to know about Jupyter notebooks.

Research is often unpaid in sub-Saharan Africa Research is often unpaid in sub-Saharan Africa, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07244-w Over 80% of academics and students polled report that they have held unpaid research positions.

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The covert politics of cold-war science The covert politics of cold-war science, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07184-5 Ann Finkbeiner praises a history of an era when research and science education seemed to toe a government line.

A European heavyweight A European heavyweight, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07208-0 A rich research network has secured Munich’s position as a centre of science in Europe.

Meet a materials scientist enjoying the rise of China’s research scene Meet a materials scientist enjoying the rise of China’s research scene, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07203-5 Ren Xiaobing explains what drew him back to his home country to develop his career.

Peripheral forces Peripheral forces, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07210-6 The growing impact of second-tier cities is narrowing the gap in research production.

A venture under pressure A venture under pressure, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07206-2 Scientific innovation has long powered the San Francisco Bay Area’s economy, but community and political challenges could undermine progress.

How neuroscience is breaking out of the lab How neuroscience is breaking out of the lab, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07201-7 Nervous-system scientists share how they’re working in a variety of settings.

Counting capital costs Counting capital costs, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07204-4 Science cities should engage with local communities to stay on top.

Discovery central Discovery central, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07209-z A hive of innovation, Wuhan has stormed up the Nature Index, but competition for talent is heating up.

Standing firm Standing firm, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07211-5 São Paulo carries the scientific weight of a financially stricken country, but how much more can it endure?

City links City links, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07207-1 The top collaborating cities in the Nature Index are located in the same country.

Taking the silk road to high-tech growth Taking the silk road to high-tech growth, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07202-6 China’s former ancient capital Xi’an has a scientific plan for development.

The cape of change The cape of change, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07205-3 Africa’s science star is confronting its colonial past to set a more inclusive research scene, benefitting more of its citizens.

A guide to the Nature Index A guide to the Nature Index, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07212-4 A description of the terminology and methodology used in this supplement, and a guide to the functionality available free online at natureindex.com.

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Contagion in tranquil shades of grey Contagion in tranquil shades of grey, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07200-8 Running wild.

Indian researchers must resist predatory open-access journals Indian researchers must resist predatory open-access journals, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07243-x Indian researchers must resist predatory open-access journals

Make better use of UN food and agriculture stats Make better use of UN food and agriculture stats, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07239-7 Make better use of UN food and agriculture stats

Savvy leadership promotes ethical science Savvy leadership promotes ethical science, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07241-z Savvy leadership promotes ethical science

Brazil’s controversial new president, academic freedom in Hungary and Australia, and name change for Hubble law Brazil’s controversial new president, academic freedom in Hungary and Australia, and name change for Hubble law, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07180-9 The week in science: 26 October–1 November 2018.

Brighten outlook for long-term seabird monitoring Brighten outlook for long-term seabird monitoring, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07242-y Brighten outlook for long-term seabird monitoring

WHO’s embrace of traditional oriental medicines puts health and wildlife at risk WHO’s embrace of traditional oriental medicines puts health and wildlife at risk, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07240-0 WHO’s embrace of traditional oriental medicines puts health and wildlife at risk

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The world’s strongest MRI machines are pushing human imaging to new limits The world’s strongest MRI machines are pushing human imaging to new limits, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07182-7 Researchers look to scanners with 10.5-tesla magnets and beyond for unprecedented detail about the brain.

Tapping into the brain’s star power Tapping into the brain’s star power, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07197-0 No longer just ‘brain glue’, astrocytes are coming to the fore as a broadening toolset reveals the cells’ complexity and diversity.

A call for a rational future, 100 million years of European history, and the hidden horror of the dairy trade: Book in brief A call for a rational future, 100 million years of European history, and the hidden horror of the dairy trade: Book in brief, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07186-3 Barbara Kiser reviews five of the week’s best science picks.

Australia plans 'national-interest' test for research grants Australia plans 'national-interest' test for research grants, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07255-7 The move comes after academics protest a minister's decision to cancel projects recommended by funders.

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Embattled Thirty Meter Telescope scores big win in Hawaii's highest court Embattled Thirty Meter Telescope scores big win in Hawaii's highest court, Published online: 31 October 2018; doi:10.1038/d41586-018-04444-2 State supreme court rules that the US$1.4-billion observatory's construction permit is valid, after years-long legal battle.